2012(3):Cd007176. Some, yet not all, studies in animal models such as vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs or genetically scorbutic rats found an increased uptake of vitamin C in peripheral circulation and specific organs in the presence of flavonoids. 2014;12:32. Depletion and reaccumulation. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. 2010;29(3):215-217. 2017;37:58-64. 2010;21(11):1745-1757. Physiological availability of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid and palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. 2014;311(20):2074-2082. 1994;35(3):317-322. Lagowska-Lenard M, Stelmasiak Z, Bartosik-Psujek H. Influence of vitamin C on markers of oxidative stress in the earliest period of ischemic stroke. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. 1999;91(6):547-556. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. (PubMed), 43. Cancer Res. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center Although trials do not currently support the use of high-dose supplementation with vitamin C in cataract prevention, there is a consistent inverse association observed between high daily intake of fruit and/or vegetables (>5 servings/day) and risk of cataract (113). Vitamin C has been shown to increase interferon production in vitro(17). J Am Soc Nephrol. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). JAMA. The mechanism(s) by which vitamin C reduces blood lead concentration is not known, yet it has been proposed that vitamin C could inhibit intestinal absorption (184)or enhance urinary excretion of lead (185). Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. They demonstrated in guinea pigs, which do not internally produce vitamin C as most other mammals do, that lipoprotein-a take the place of ascorbate (vitamin C) in arterial walls, weakening them . Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. The trial did not examine the effect of vitamin C on other outcomes associated with gout (122). Nutr J. A comprehensive review of the literature found no credible scientific evidence that supplemental vitamin C promotes oxidative damage under physiological conditions or in humans (206). Regarding the incidence of colds, a difference was observed between two groups of participants. Smoking and respiratory conditions in pregnancy: associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B6, and the risk of kidney stones in men. In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). (PubMed), 107. In order to overcome such limitations, some prospective studies measured plasma or serum concentrations of vitamin C as a more reliable index of vitamin C intake and biomarker of body vitamin C status. Khodaeian M, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Qorbani M, Farzadfar F, Amini P, Larijani B. (PubMed). In 2004, a pooled analysis of nine prospective cohort studies found that supplemental vitamin C intake (400 mg/day for a mean of 10 years), but not dietary vitamin C intake, was inversely associated with CHD risk (46). The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. Arch Intern Med. Stroke. 2011;58(3):372-379. Nutrients. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. Many prospective cohort studies have examined the relationship between vitamin C intake from diet and supplements and CHD risk, the results of which have been pooled and analyzed in two separate analyses (46, 47). It is not intended as nutritional or medical advice for individual problems. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. (PubMed), 208. 2000;71(2):530-536. Am Heart J. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. Br Med J. 2014;13(4):280-300. The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations relate inversely to blood pressure in human subjects. (PubMed), 40. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 Lykkesfeldt J, Poulsen HE. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: Pediatrics. (PubMed), 92. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). Because high doses of vitamin C have also been found to interfere with the interpretation of certain laboratory tests (e.g., serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the stool guaiac assay for occult blood), it is important to inform one's health care provider of any recent supplement use. McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. Pauling, two-time Nobel laureate and the world's foremost vitamin C proponent, entertained an overflow crowd in the Bldg. *Monooxygenases catalyze the hydroxylation of one substrate, whereas dioxygenases catalyze a reaction that couples the hydroxylation of a specific substrate with the conversion (decarboxylation) of -ketoglutarate into succinate. 2016;6(2):243-250. Jacobs C, Hutton B, Ng T, Shorr R, Clemons M. Is there a role for oral or intravenous ascorbate (vitamin C) in treating patients with cancer? Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. 2007;10(2):75-83. Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. A systematic review. Diabet Med. In: Harris JR, ed. Linus Pauling Protocol for heart disease | Diabetes Daily Forums While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. 'Dr. Pauling Therapy' For Heart Disease - Linus Pauling/Rath Heart Cognition in MCI and Alzheimer's disease: baseline data from a longitudinal study of the NTB. Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). 33. It is widely thought by the general public that vitamin C boosts immune function, yet human studies published to date are conflicting. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: 2017;21(1):300. On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). Although only a minority of trials delivered vitamin C intravenously, this administration route appeared to be more effective at reducing the risk of atrial fibrillationpresumably due to higher plasma concentrations achieved (140). Oregon State University, Updated in November 2002 by: If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. (PubMed), 109. (PubMed), 11. (PubMed), 151. Most experimental and clinical research uses ascorbic acid or its sodium salt, called sodium ascorbate. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. High Blood Pressure | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University JAMA. Int J Clin Pract. Montvale: Thomson Reuters; 2008. Oncogene. (PubMed), 164. Frei B, Birlouez-Aragon I, Lykkesfeldt J. Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. (PubMed), 47. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;73(8):1645-1658. Clean Arteries - How to Remove Plaque from Arteries Naturally Johnston CS, Luo B. (PubMed), 134. (PubMed), 146. 2013;1(5):e239-240. 2011;30(6):477-483. Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Vol. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. (PubMed), 49. Linus Pauling lectures on Vitamin C and Heart Disease 2018 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. Ann Intern Med. Stamp LK, O'Donnell JL, Frampton C, Drake JM, Zhang M, Chapman PT. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. Even in small amounts, vitamin C can protect indispensable molecules in the body, such as proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), from damage by free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are generated during normal metabolism, by active immune cells, and through exposure to toxins and pollutants (e.g., certain chemotherapy drugs and cigarette smoke). Indian J Pharmacol. Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. Zheng Selin J, Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. High-dose supplements of vitamins C and E, low-dose multivitamins, and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study of men. (PubMed), 91. Although observational studies suggested that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful to prevent incident and recurrent gout, this has not been demonstrated by intervention studies undertaken thus far. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 1994;151(4):834-837. Int J Cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1997;15(6):795-801. Spoelstra-de Man AME, Elbers PWG, Oudemans-van Straaten HM. A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. Gut. Clin Neuropsychol. No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. (PubMed), 148. Vitamin C is known to function as a highly effective antioxidant in living organisms. 2012;64(2):245-254. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. 10th ed. Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Galasko DR, Peskind E, Clark CM, et al. A three-year randomized controlled trial in 160 patients with documented coronary heart disease and low blood HDL concentrations found that a combination of simvastatin (Zocor) and niacin increased HDL concentration, inhibited the progression of coronary artery stenosis (narrowing), and decreased the frequency of cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke(202). Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. Sepsis and septic shockdefined as persistent sepsis-induced low blood pressureare associated with elevated mortality rates in critically ill patients (150, 151). Diabetol Metab Syndr. 178. In some patients, vitamin C dosages may rise as high as 18 grams per day (Linus Pauling's daily dosage), and at high levels, the mineral dosages could cause problems/imbalances. The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. 2007;6:41. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. Periprocedural myocardial injury: Coronary angioplasty (also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) is a nonsurgical procedure for treating obstructive coronary heart disease (CHD), including unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and multivessel CHD. (PubMed), 137. J Nutr. While most generally healthy young adults can achieve these plasma concentrations with daily vitamin C intake of at least 200 mg/day, some individuals may have a lower vitamin C absorptive capacity than what is currently documented. The global and regional burden of stroke. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs is Possible 2005;4:5. Carcinogenesis. 1951;113:628-631. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University / Vitamin C Vitamin C, through its antioxidant functions, has been shown to protect leukocytes from self-inflicted oxidative damage (14). In contrast, trials are intervention studies that can establish a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, e.g., by evaluating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of chronic disease in participants randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C or placebo for a given length of time. Most multivitamin supplements provide at least 60 mg of vitamin C. Whether older adults have higher requirements for vitamin C is not yet known with certainty, yet some older populations have been found to have vitamin C intakes considerably below the RDA of 75 and 90 mg/day for women and men, respectively (207). Balbi ME, Tonin FS, Mendes AM, et al. Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. 2009;46(11):1558. Front Oncol. (PubMed), 180. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (e.g., nicardipine, nifedipine) can inhibit vitamin C uptake by intestinal cells in vitro. In the Cohort of Swedish Men study, self-reported use of single-nutrient vitamin C supplements (taken seven or more times per week) at baseline was associated with a two-fold higher risk of incident kidney stones among 48,840 men (ages 45-79 years) followed for 11 years (199). 2001;91(4):563-567. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Linus Pauling Dosage Recommendations Owen R. Fonorow, Orthopath (Orthomolecular Naturopath) (PubMed), 68 Nagel G, Linseisen J, van Gils CH, et al. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2009 by: One 12-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in 456 participants with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin examined the effect of vitamin C (500 mg/day) or acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; 100 mg/day) on risk factors for diabetes-related complications such as CVD (147). Curr Opin Rheumatol. (PubMed), 79 Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. J Nutr. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. Carr AC, Vissers MC, Cook JS. (PubMed), 165. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. 16. Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. Am J Epidemiol. PDF How do I know the Pauling Therapy is working and how long will it take? 22. Plasma concentrations of ascorbate reach steady-state at concentrations between 60 and 80 micromoles/L (mol/L). Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. Some notes on Linus Pauling. (PubMed), 114. An upper intake level of 2 g/day is recommended in order to prevent some adults from experiencing diarrhea and, Supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations, but whether an increase in urinary oxalate elevates the risk for.
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